In-band or out-of-band SAN appliances Essay Example for Free

In-band or out-of-band SAN appliances EssayOut-of band SAN appliances allow for independent flow of data between servers and storages since it does not function within the data path (InfoWorld, 2001). In addition, execution of management functions by these appliances is independent of application servers, a factor which dictates for having host drives. This has the implication that the positioning of an out-band SAN appliance posses performance concerns in the system (InfoWorld, 2001).another(prenominal) implication is that increase in the number of server in such a system complicates administration issues. Still, out-of band SAN appliances have its meta-data and control operations class from the data path. This coupled with the need for having a driver at each host frees the host to engage only in transferring data to and from the storage. Nevertheless, this configuration has the improvement of caching due to the request time delays involved in linking data path information a nd the appliance for processing.On the other hand, in-band SAN appliances employ a single gimmick for executing all the basic storage management functions namely data path, control operations, and meta-data management (Kornfeld, 2001). This has the implication that no additional driver software is essential in the host. Also, this enhances scalability of the SAN system. However, this limits the application of in-band SAN appliances in a busy SAN since both meta-data and control operations share the same data path.Despite this, in-band SAN appliances enjoy the privilege of allowing for caching and foregather (InfoWorld, 2001). In addition, being a single device, in-band SAN appliances boast of low cost of implementation and ease of administration (Kornfeld, 2001). Therefore, both in-band and out-of-band SAN appliances have advantages as well as disadvantages. Considerations before choice of a SAN appliance should thus be based on the needs in the particular organization.

Wilfred Owen War Poet Essay Example for Free

Wilfred Owen War Poet EssayThe first Word War which took place mostly in atomic number 63 from 1914 to 1918 left millions dead and cause the modern world. After World War I poets started to write about their experiences. Most of these poets had been soldiers who wrote the poetry to reflect the horror of their experiences in an immediate and realistic way. Trench warfare in particular and the chaos of war in general were the source of the rimes indignation and disgust.The high death regulate and the horrific conditions suffered by those fighting in the trenches meant that the concept of heroic sacrifice in service to ones country became meaningless. Patriotic poetry was whence replaced with poems that were to symbolize the futility of war, protesting against the waste of life and forcing its readers to engage perceptionally with reality. Within this essay I will come across at the exits the war had on soldiers who fought in the trenches and how they dealt with the unimagin able amount of deaths they encountered daily.I will explore the way they were able to cope with the grief and loss and how attitudes towards death and regret changed as a impart of the war. Throughout this piece I will focus on one particular soldier, Wilfred Owen, and the poetry he wrote about the loss of lives and the effect that his writing had on the mourning and memories of those left behind. In writings on World War 1, the enact manpowert of grief is often overshadowed by the drama of battle, as in the wider conflict where loss is born grief leaves no one unaffected by its devastation.Writing, whether in the form of poetry or letters, allowed the soldiers to share their anguish as a way of coming to terms with their harrowing loss and common sense of guilt as survivors. Before the war there was a system of both unexclusive and private grieving and mourning. Mourners wore black and the period of mourning was dependent upon the relationship to the deceased. Funerals could be elaborate affairs depending on social class and many a(prenominal) of these conventions were shaped by religious and Christian beliefs which enforced a ordinary respectability in the grieving process.After the war broke out however, death in combat demanded that soldiers and their relatives express their grief in a new way. Without the remnants of a body, or the ritual of a funeral, their descriptions through their writings were more than just words. The dilate of death which soldiers conveyed, offered an emotional comfort to families, simply at the same time their words would also scar those families for life. Surrounded by unimaginable numbers of their comrades who had died prematurely, soldiers fumbled to go through a voice to convey the meaning of such circumstances.Letter writing for many became a way they could attempt to control the chaos which surrounded them, but a few soldiers began to make sense of it all through poetry. many critics believed Wilfred Owen to be t he most individual and best of the war poets. He forged a new kind of plaint upon the anvil of modern industrialised warfare. The best of Owens poems were to be written between the summer of 1917 and autumn 1918 after meeting other poet, Siegfried Sassoon, at Craiglockhart Hospital.Owens poetry after his experiences in the trenches moved his poems towards a powerful realism where the observations are disturbing, for him the war was a tragedy and beneath the surface disgust, lays a pity and compassion that raised his poetry above simple propaganda. Some of his poems from the war help us to rethink the elegiac triad of mourning poet, mourning reader, and mourned victim, suggesting that even in war elegies both poet and reader whitethorn partly create the victimisation they mourn.He brought a profound but sceptical fellow feeling of the resources available to the mourning poet in the sonnets Anthem for goddamn spring chicken and Futility he resisted the traditional conventions of an elegy. Anthem is a collective elegy for the nameless many and Futility an elegy for a single man. Critics often treat the elegy as a therapeutic device working through grief, creating an aesthetic substitution for loss, the elegist masters or at least manages pain. Many of Owens elegies do not fit this therapeutic model.Their task, it seems, is to maintain a certain amount of suffering, not to effect a recuperate they produce not a yield of pleasure but an aggravation of pain. Some of Owens critics accuse him of consolatory mourning in Anthem for Doomed young suggesting that Owen participates in the religious ideology of compensatory exchange, urging us to accept memory as a substitute for human lives. The enormity of the loss of lives precludes any of the traditional rituals of consolation mourning all that remains is the suffering of unfocused grief down an endless recession of time, and each slow dusk a draft copy down of blinds.Anthem for Doomed Youth was written whilst Owe n was in Craiglockhart with the encouragement of Sassoon. It is in sonnet form and is an elegy where he relates to the youth, these were very young men whose lives were most definitely doomed. Owen immediately engages readers with the use of questions as though interrogating them. He asks a question in the first line of each stanza, following with his answers for the ending of the stanza. His first question What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? (1) suggests he feels the tribute made to dead soldiers is insufficient.Are they merely cattle being sent to butcher whose lives of little importance? His second question, What candles may be held to speed them all? (9), shows his belief that people do not understand the nature of these deaths as he looks at how the community responds to their loss through ritual. Where we might expect the religious lexis to offer hope in a time of despair, he sees it as a mockery of the sacrifices being made. For Owen, it is not the outward sho w of public rituals, the candles and flowers that is meaningful, but inner reflection.The first part of the poem contains words made to sound worry the war and weapons, guns, rifles, shells which are ironically linked to religious vision bells, orisons, prayers and choirs. In line 8 things switch from the fighting to Britains sad shires where loved ones mourn, changing the tone to rueful contemplation from bitter passion. And bugles calling for them from sad shires(8) the Buglers last post was traditionally interpreted as a strain of adieu at a servicemans funeral, whereas here Owen hears it as an unanswerable call to return to the alliterated sad shires.Owen being from Shropshire, thought of the typical Englishman as a Shropshire Lad and the traditional, united country life where each individual was know as part of the community, his loss would be grieved by all. Owen carefully sets the chaos of the trenches against the soft atmosphere of church. Phrases like passing-bells (1 ) and holy-glimmers (11) and voice of mourning (6) symbolise the sanctity of life and death whilst suggesting also the inadequacy, the futility, even meaninglessness of organised religion against the cataclysm of war. at one time again in lines 9 14 religious images and illusions are dominant. The candles in the hands of boys and the pallor of girls brows shall be their pall suggesting that these things are meaningless, you just need to look into their eyes and the pale faces of the women left behind to learn the truth about war, their silent minds stand as the most fitting tribute to the sacrifices made. Owens poem begins to think the chaos of war as an unending condition of modern existence with every individual bearing somewhere its scars.The constant reference to religious imagery seems symbolic, representations of the spiritual, which he sees as a mockery(5), just as in his eyes, candles, flowers and the drawing down of blinds(14) are no more gestures in a public mourning w hich bears no resemblance to individual experience. This moving image of closure brings the sonnet to a quiet close. The drawing-down of blinds(14) is linked to the English tradition of closing curtains or drawing down blinds in a house of mourning.As Anthem for Doomed Youth ends with the sun at dusk, the end of a day and a representation of the end of many lives, Futility begins with the sun at dawn, the beginning of the day yet still the end of a life. Shortly after writing the poem Futility, Owen categorised his poems, placing this one under the heading of grief. Although Owen appeared to know the dead soldier written about, the anonymity allows it to be universal it could be describing any soldier as he ponders natures power to create life, setting it against the futility of extinction.It takes the form of a short elegiac lyric where he uses the sun as a metaphorical framework. Move him into the sun(1), the poem begins with an instruction which seems a gentle command especially as many of the words throughout the first stanza beef up this softness of emotion, gently(2), whispering (3) and kind (7). The sun is personified gently its touch(2), whispering just as he uses personification in Anthem for Doomed Youth to give a powerful images to demonstrate the lives that are ruined through war.Once again in this poem, along with Anthem for Doomed Youth, he refers to how young the soldiers were that died, fields half sown(3), a metaphor for lives not fully lived yet, they had not had time to experience life before they died at war. War for Owen was senseless, for so many men to lose their lives, especially at a young age, made him question the purpose of our existence. He was convinced that many of the people, who remained in England and hadnt experienced the warfare, didnt understand how the soldiers were suffering and therefore couldnt express true sympathy.He felt by writing Futility he would be able to portray the worthlessness of war, the uselessness of hum an life and arouse pity and grief in those who read it. (Mahmud 2008) The dead soldier in Futility is not given a name perhaps to represent every soldier who was killed in the war. C. W. Gillam (1965) states that the sight of the dead soldier makes the writer wonder why creation ever happened if it was to end only in such futility. The persona wonders if we were created for this, and if this is the case, then our existence seems meaningless.Consequently, the experience of loss is universalised, the reader imagines this soldier to be a potential close relative or any human who is caught up in a chaotic world. The O indicates the bitterness of this discovery, the poem produced an initial emotion of hope, but ends with the feeling of hopelessness. The contrast between the peacefulness of the first stanza against the grief and anger of the second makes this a poem that conveys its message of the meaningless of life and a protest against the wisdom of creating people only to have them di e in such horrific circumstances.The First World War had a drastic effect on the poetry of many poets of the twentieth century. Poets like Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, as well as many others gave us their firsthand experience of war and described the deadly effects whether physical or mental upon those who participated and those left behind. Many of the poets suffered from psychological problems during and after the war due to shell shock and the horrible mutilation they witnessed on the battlefield.Some of the poetry can help us understand the sense of grief and anger at the pointlessness of war and the anger at the sheer numbers of soldiers sent to battle to be massacred like cattle. Early on the morning of 4th November 1918 Wilfred Owen was killed by enemy fire. When the telegram arrived to inform his parents of his death the local anesthetic church bells could be heard, ironically linking him to his own poetry passing-bells for these who die even though the bells were in celebration of the Armistice.Owenss poetry is not for everyone as it combines natural descriptions of war and the reality for those involved on the front line. He is generally acknowledged as being both the most successful, and best, poet of wars reality. The reason why may be found in the preface to his poetry, of which a drafted fragment was found after Owens death Yet these elegies are not to this generation, this is in no sense consolatory. They may be to the next. All a poet can do today is to warn. That is why the true Poets must be truthful.

Role Of Technology In Teenagers Lives English Language Essay

Role Of Technology In Teen geezerhoodrs Lives English Language quizTechnology plays a vital role in the lives of teenagers. It is a medium utilise by Generation Y for a myriad of different purposes confabulation, va chamberpott and education. Teenagers employ the design of mobile ph geniuss and personal computers they access the mesh via these platforms utilize them to communicate with their peers. Throughout this essay I exit be analysing the impact inflicted upon teenagers (16-18 years) converse levels with the rapid kick downstairsment of engineering. The rapid development of engine room, intercourse and its impact on teenagers will be the focus of this essay.The Oxford English dictionary defines engine room as the split of knowledge that deals with the creation and ingestion of technical agent and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment (Technology. (n.d.), Dictionary.com, 2010). The concept of engineering interrelated with communication refers to communication via various avenues such as earnings platforms (msn, twitter, flutter, etc.) which can excessively be connected to handheld devices such as mobile phones. Technology aids teenagers in communicating more easily and efficiently. The role of technology has changed greatly in recent times, and is non a young phenomenon. It is one that has been developing constantly and improving its efficiency over just about(prenominal) years.Technology has ex cristalded peoples slipway of communication. To get by their everyday lives people require a great deal of social communication. It has require app bent that in order to increase our aw arness of the greater possibilities and options in life, we require greater levels of communication. Teenagers are the next generation they yield grown up with elevated expertness with wishing to technology as opposed to the older generations. Technology has wholeowed for the manipulation of speech communication via msn messengers o r phone sms etc use chatiquettes (Netiquette, 2010) which are simpler and more convenient, yet grammatically incorrect. The challenge is whether technology users have pass more ameliorate or less educated via technology.As part of the research for this topic a questionnaire was conducted where a large amount of data was compiled from a sealed age group with regard to their view on the topic of this essay. This allowed for an extra focus on the age group 16-18 where there were 53 participants. My main method of research was asking questions to generate evidence. This evidence was consequently compiled into sets of data to provide information about how teenagers are affected by their increased use of communicatory technology. The pupils all project a high trail in suburban Melbourne. The results of the questionnaire will be discussed in a later part of the essay.The findings incorporated in the essay are the findings of Pew Internet Projects. These resources will provide an i nsight into the ways teenagers experience paternity and technology in their lives and it will give a clear insight into whether technology users have ferment more educated or less educated via technology. This will help to determine the true implication that the rapid development of communicative technology has on the teenage age group (16-18) with regard to their communicative skills. This will be succeedd by discussing both the negative and positive rears that technology has had on the communication of a teenager. From the discussed information it will be contingent to determine the implication of the improvement of technology.PART 1 The Lives of Teenagers and their TechnologyThe role of technology in teenagers lives continues to grow. Almost all teenagers nowadays have access to the net via phones, computers and laptops. Moreover, technology is increasingly found in homes and schools. Teachers often expect students to have access to technology in order to have rectify pre sented work that is printed and easier to read. It catch outms that technology has overwhelmed the lives of teenagers although as mentioned before, it is developing constantly and improving in its user interaction efficiency. Also used to promote technology is the concept that the better technology the student has, in this case school attending teenagers, the more likely they are to excel in school, as it facilitates greater opportunities for education. In general, phones and computers are used by teenagers to keep records of events, to socialize with friends and family and for entertainment, be it gaming, movies and/or as an educational tool.In the questionnaire participants were askedHow often do you engage in about kind of format of electronics (instant messaging, displace emails, textbook editioning or posting comments)?Graph 1 correlation between boys and girlsAs seen on the graph, modern day teenagers accomplish a large part of their communication via technology. For inte rnet-illiterates to understand these teenagers they need to implement similar language conventions that teenagers employ whilst using the internet. It is not to say that the original methods of communication have been eliminated, they have been modified by technology. This modification has aroused the concern of many people, with regard to the effect of the use of technology in this way and whether it has a positive or negative effect on them. It can be argued that teenagers communication levels have deteriorated by using shortened wordings like abbreviations or chatiquettes as used in online chatting systems .Nearly all teenagers use the internet. The internet usage has grown over the years it has become apparent with many companies as they are providing offers of higher internet usage at lower prices, which indicates as to the demand of internet usage by people. It is fitting to say that since teenagers spend most of their time using technology then they would be the largest cons umers of internet usage. The concept of technology in this essay is its interrelation with communication. There is a direct link between teenagers use of new media and how it allows them to enhance their communication techniques.Teenagers attempt to access communicative technology from various locations. Schools and libraries play an important role in the internet a teen can access removed the home. Now with WAP (wireless application protocol) students can access the internet on their phones, meaning students are constantly up to date even when they are not at home. Teenagers access the internet through credit or through the latest most advanced technologies known as Hotspots/WIFI hotspots. They allow you to access the internet from that specific place for free. Hotspots can be found in public areas and include places like Mc Donalds, schools and libraries. Yet, there are limiting factors to using the internet while at school or in the library which include, connection speed, the figurehead of internet filters, firewalls, and also blocked sites. Therefore it is evident that advancements in technology have allowed for solutions to most communication problems.As the world is becoming more wirelessly connected it is beginning to revolutionise the way in which teenagers go about with their casual lives. Many teenagers go online daily on social networking sites where you comment and post resultants, popular among students these days. These interactive activities involve large volumes of written text and have become one of the essential daily bases of life to most teenagers, since such activities are required multiple times a day. According to the survey I conducted, teenagers have become heavily reliant on technology. In fact 39 out of 53 students say they are constantly engaged in some kind of electronic communication throughout the day, in short 73% of these students are evidently surrounded by electronic devices (Mohamad K, 2010). These devices are being used when a person is bored, while doing homework, before sleeping or as soon as they wake up. Students update themselves for the weather forecast, events or even confine their email. In this day and age individuals socially communicate via the internet. Being switched on has allowed individuals with opportunities never before fathomed. Nowadays we are able to communicate extensively with our community. integrity student noted I love using Skype I speak to my sister in Abu Dhabi. Its great because I completely see her once a year (Mohamad K , 2010). Rapid developments in technology have created an environment where information is accessible from all parts of the globe. This data is free and easily accessible, for teenagers this means they have access to a range of information resources, all at the click of a button.The internet has paved the way in communicating information. No longer do students need to have access to physical texts. They can extend their vocabulary, grammar and lan guage conventions all by use of the World Wide Web. When students do not have access to books they can access so much textual context provided by the internet proprietors. Literacy is improve in many ways when a student reads a magazine, an article or even song lyrics they gain different levels of understanding in the way that these different fibres of pieces are structured. It also helps students understand different phenomenas they are not aware of, by using online thesauruses or dictionaries students are able to widen their vocabulary. Teenagers tend to make meaning from anything they see be it visual, written, or spoken texts.Teenagers as mentioned before have demonstrable with technology and Pew internet and American Life project says that seven in ten students have a mobile phone, and six in ten have a desktop or laptop computer. Yes, six in ten teenagers are likely to have a computer but that is not the only communication tool being used. Mobile phones are perhaps one of t he most used communicative technologies and have grown rapidly among teenagers. In general, phones and computers are used by teenagers to keep records of events, to socialize with friends and family and for entertainment, be it gaming, movies, and/or as an educational tool.PART 2 Teenagers and Their Writing HabitsHaving outlined and discussed the way teenagers interact with technology and their dependence on it, a discussion of the effect that this development in communicative technology has on them will allow for a better understanding of the implications of communicative technology. References to piece will be made mainly with regard to academic writing and social writing as they form the main bulk of writing underinterpreted by teenage students. It is apparent in teenagers that some have intercourse writing or are gifted in writing while others are not. Taking into consideration the fact that writing, inside and removed of school writing is usually different in the lives of te enagers, it is possible to categorise them as ceremonial and at large(p) pieces of writing. Writing is essential to a person and it is crucial for people to develop writing skills especially teenagers attending school as it is their main form of communication (exams and tests). Todays teenagers write a significant amount at school and outside of school, yet the writing done outside of school such as emailing, instant messaging and texting are classified as in stately writing. When teenagers use the internet they do not employ the befitting use of language conventions however, according to Luke and Freebodys Four Rescource Model (refer to appendix 1) they are text decoders, participants, users and analysers.Language is always spillage to remain as such, though there are many forms in which a language, in this case English maybe manipulated by different people. The presence of get into English which refers to common day language has no grammatical basis in the English language th is is the best example of the manipulation of language. The equal concept of slang language can be applied to the method of shortening words and abbreviating employed by teenagers during their communication through technology. These modifications to the language are not without reason. The abbreviation of words is usually either simply a result of the convenience of shorter words or due to the limitation by certain technology as to the size of the pieces of writing. Therefore the way people apply their language skills is different and will always be different its up to the teenagers in this day and age to ensure their increased usage of incorrect slang English language does not affect their prefatorial English language skills as the constant use of a certain form of the language will alter the basic underlying grammar principles.The digital age presents a paradox (Lenhart et al., 2008, pg(i)). closely teenagers now spend a great deal of time sending texts, it remains sceptical as to whether or not this text driven vesture is inspiring a new appreciation for writing. As for school writing, the most common type of writing is note taking, writing essays and answering questions. All teenagers that attend school are predisposed to these types of work in most subjects and thus they form the need to improve their formal language skills, it can be uninjured to assume that formal language is far from being significantly deteriorated at this time in history, as technology is still dependent on formal language to convey ideas and information. As such though teenagers have developed differing writing habits with the use of technology for communication, the fact that they attend school ensures their link to basic formal language is not severed completely. In addition as a teenager most students believe that socially oriented writing they do using electronic devices is considered e-communication and therefore not writing (Lenhart et al., 2008). Students still hold the traditional definition of writing so technically their understanding of writing is not being deteriorated by technology (Lenhart et al., 2008).In my questionnaire the question asked was Do you think that electronic text is a form of writing? produced the following result.Graph 2 Amount of boys and girls who answered no to the question aboveIn relation the graph, it can be understood that students do know the difference between electronic text and formal writing. All for one, the internet is a primary source of research for school writing and assignments and is an informative, communicative way that is everywhere and is present anywhere at once. The internet is not only used for school assignments, most commonly it is used for social networking, and communicating and media related activities. The writing students compose in school is basic and compulsory although writing composed outside of school is a piece that you mostly enjoy writing about that you mainly express yourself in. Thi s type of writing outside of school enhances the writing capacity of teenagers in school and excels them overtime.PART 3 Electronic communication the relationship between writing, communication and technology ownershipTeenagers are known to use the internet for many reasons. A issue suggests that the communicative functions of the internet and mobile phone are the main reasons wherefore teenagers use these technologies (Lenhart et al., 2008). These technologies have increased the methods of completing written works and the connection between people. Since technology together with the internet have promoted these types of writings and they have become widely known and popular. It is a worry for some people that students might become attached to these practises of writing and continues to write using the language of the internet. A study confirms 64 percent of youngsters ages 12 to 17 have used emoticons, text shortcuts and unceremonious language in school assignments, the survey f ound (Horowitz E, 2008).Another question asked to the participants was, do you prefer using text language over acceptable English language in your essays?Graph 3 Amount of students who prefer using acceptable English language rather than text in essaysTo reinforce this I conducted a questionnaire which consisted of 12 questions that precisely devised and simple to understand. The uncorrectableies and challenges encountered while creating this survey was inaugural to actually understanding what students really thought about the influence that technology can have, and whether or not students understood that this rapid development is unhealthy for some of them. All in all everyone has different opinions I had difficulties understanding some of their extended responses because some students did not answer accordingly. Also the fact that technology has become a part of our lives means it has become virtually invisible because it has become a need in todays society not a want. So its di fficult to ask the students if technology has improved their writing or has degraded their writing, since technology has always existed in these teenagers lives. Therefore, students may not be aware of the impact technology may have on them.Teenagers in general have had different experiences with writing, as everyone writes for different reasons according to their interests. Nowadays when using the internet it provides you with more words and a wider range of ideas and aspects although it will not change the quality of writing it serves as a good information source, quality of writing comes with time and to set in motion this a wide range of vocabulary is required.According to my questionnaire many students believe that abbreviations such as textonyms and chatiquettes could possibly be a way of speech kinda or later. Students said they can maintain the basic difference within their mentality between these languages and seem to imply that they will not make informal language become inherent within their language habits. Although, social analysts believe its highly likely with the rapid technology development. Many students have different views to this issue some say that a text message would represent the way they speak however, with abbreviated words. And some say it depends on whether a person likes formal English speaking/writing or not. These are what some of the students had to sayThe questions asked was do you think will soon speak the way you use text language? Why?Sarah Thomas year 12 says hopefully but I think its inevitable with the amount of technology surrounding us using this kind of speech.Zahra Ahmad year 12 says yes, its happening already, people, especially the younger generation, think its cool to talk this way. Because of so much use of the internet people will soon be speaking in the way of text language.Fatima Abou-eid year 12 saysno because I like to read I love proper grammar and spelling others, however, who do not like English as much , might result in speaking in texting, eventually.Arian Behbahani year 12 says yes, it is how we communicate by the means of our main ways of communication.Nur Hannah year 12 says speak? Isnt text whatever you speak but with some letter omitted?Many teenagers use informal writing in school work, this consequently affects their language skills, according to Pew Internet Projects 50% of teenagers say they sometimes use the informal writing styles in the writing they perform for school. (Lenhart et al., 2008). It is not surprising that teenagers have adopted these writing skills and apply them to school writing. Given that, the daily lives of teenagers is being consumed by technological communicative systems it is most likely that they incorporate textonyms, acronyms, chatiquettes and abbreviations into school writing, examples of these are LOL (laughing out loud), ily (I love you), hru (how are you).Using these types of colloquial communicative methods outside of school is not the onl y factor that contributes to technology based writing in school work. It depends on the students attitude as well if a student considers that this type of writing electronic communication is considered writing than he or she is likely to use informal writing in school work and vice versa. Teenagers acknowledge the writing of slang in their work, but also overcoming this habit has various difficulties depending on the person though usually it is a matter of revising work to ensure the absence seizure of informal writing.Overall, students in school are prompted to write about novels and articles which involve a great deal of formal language implementation. School writing helps them to achieve higher grades, excels their grammar their language skills and gives access to schools, universities. Therefore this would form an important motivation for students to perfect their formal language skills instead of allowing technology based language (sms, email, messenger style writing). Whilst t he writing teenagers do for their selves expresses emotions releases stress its simple a chance to keep in touch. Many students value their formal work because its an accomplishment towards better writing.CONCLUSIONThis essay was and evaluation of the impact inflicted upon teenagers (16-18 years) communication levels with the rapid development of technology. Through research it is apparent that technology has extended our avenues of communication. It has done this via social networks and new media they have paved the way for varied communication methods. Teenagers use these technologies to communicate and converse with their friends and family. Teenagers nowadays have grown up in a developed technical world. The research illustrated the ways in which teenagers use technology and apply it with writing skills, this was investigated due to the development of technology and the question of has technology impacted our young communication levels?.Teenagers have adapted to technology and i ts widespread use in society. The findings that have emerged from this investigation is that teenagers use informal language on social networking sites the equivalent way they use slang to communicate with friends. Both types of language would not be employed in a formal manner. As presented in my study, teenagers would use formal language when writing academic text, and could differentiate between the different styles.The research conducted as part of this study illustrated how technology improves and extends teenagers literacy skills. It proposes the importance of technology in a world dominated by new mediums. The study highlighted that teenagers could distinguish between formal and informal communication, and could determine the correct time and place to use either communication method.Whether technology or education is the reason for students adopting the slang style of language is a topic that can be further taken into consideration. What Education standard an individual is s ubjected to for e.g. Private school or a state school is a factor that contributes to an individual adopting slang language and that can be further understood due to different environments, teachers, and students. Although the final decision is for that individual to take, it is up to that individual to speak the way they want to speak. Technology on the other hand is a device students become familiar with easily. In implying this technology has paved ways for better and more effective communication round the globe. Do not be surprised when a student writes so very formally and talks in a manner that is colloquial. It is natural for a teenager to be at work having to complete an assignment/oral, and in doing so they will with no doubt speak/write in an improved formal manner.Technology and education maybe factors that contribute to an individual speaking colloquially, but these causes cant be to blame solely. The cutting down on letters in a word during a chatting session results i n individuals chatting colloquially and that is what technology is made for, to make communication easier.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Culture Impact On International Business

Culture Impact On International BusinessWhereas traditional International Business explore has been concerned with economic/legal issues and organisational forms and structures, the importance of grow has become increasingly important in the last dickens decades, largely as a result of the classic work of Hofstede (1980). Culture has been shown to strike on International Business, especially on the aspect of group accomplishment (Gibson, 1999).This paper mainly analyzes the impact of coating on International Business. And in order to analysis it well, firstly we will talk about the definition, levels and Hofstedes theory of culture in the section 2. hence in section 3, we discuss the adverse and beneficial impact on International Business respectively in detail. Section 4 concludes.What is culture?Terpstra and David (1991, p.6) delimitate culture as , a learned, shargond, compelling, inter associate set of symbols whose meanings provide a set of drutherss for members of a s ociety. And the aspects of culture include value and beliefs, communication, norms of behavior, customs and art, music, dance, sport (Morrison, 2006, p.169). It is substantial for us to control the knowledge of culture because we communicate with each other through language anticipate how employment pardners and customers are apparent to respond get by surrounded by what is considered right or wrong, acceptable or offensive and identify with other managers, provide knowledge to meet and negotiate with them.There are at least cardinal levels of cultureNational cultureNations are distinguishable from each other by a shared cultural history, such as language, religion, ethnic or racial identity. Together, these distinguishing characteristics blend into a national culture, which mildews family life, gentility, organisational culture and economic and political structures (Morrison, 2006, p.172).Organizational or corporate cultureMorrison (2006, p.195) indicated that the charact eristics of organisational culture includeCommon language and shared terminologyNorms of behavior, such as relations among management and employeesPreferences for formal or informal sum of communication within the company and with associated companiesDominant set of the organization, such as high product quality and customer orientationDegree of empowerment of employees end-to-end the organization andSystems of rules that specify dos and donts of employee behavior. lord cultureProfessional cultures form as people, who span individual organizations, share a set of norms, values and beliefs related to their occupation (Van Maanen and Barley, 1984 Jordan, 1990 Trice and Beyer, 1993)Morrison (2006, p.191-192) mentioned that differences in national values and attitudes have been the subject of considerable research. Hofstede (1994) has developed a theory to categorize and quantify cultural differences between nations, which allowing us to compare national cultures. The cultural dimen sions arePower distance the extent to which members of society accept the unequal distribution of power inside organizations. perplexity avoidance how members of a society cope with the uncertainties of e veryday life.Individualism the extent to which individuals perceive themselves as independent and autonomous beings (as opposed to collectivism, in which people visualise themselves as integrated into ingroups).Masculinity the degree to which people prefer values of success/competition over modesty/concern for others (as opposed to femininity, which denotes sensitivity, caring and an stress on quality of life).Long-term vs. short-term orientation peoples time perspectives in their daily lives.How does culture impact on International Business?International business refers to business activities that straddle two or more countries (Morrison, 2006, p.5). As the rapid growth of globalization, more and more international business such as stick Venture have emerged and developed fast . Therefore, it is very essential to talk about the elements which influence the international business. And one of the polar elements will be analyzed in this paper is culture.As discussed above, cultures are distinct from countries to countries. For international business, grasping the cultural differences between the global and the local is the key to build long relationship and obtain success. For example, in Asian cultures, doing business is not confined merely to working hours, but blends into social occasions such as meals together, where bonds of trust are built and where sensitivity to cultural values and norms stop be critical (Morrison, 2006, p.169).The other example is in joint ventures, the need for cooperation and trust between partners is the key to long-term success. Blending the culture of variant locations into a distinctive corporate culture can strengthen the sense of corporate identity, but poses considerable quarrels for international managers. The glo bal merger-between countries of different national cultures-is an illustration of the difficulties that can arise when industrial-strength national cultures clash (Morrison, 2006, p.195-196)In each case, achieving a successful outcome, in both the sign agreement and the long-term business relationship, will depend on sensitivity to differences in languages, value systems and norms of behavior between themselves and their hosts. In short, being attuned to cultural differences can directly affect the success or failure of the project (Morrison, 2006, p.168).Pothukuchi et al.s (2002) findings suggest that cultural differences stemming from national, organisational and professional cultures have influence on international confederation performance. Li, Lam and Qian (2001) to a fault pointed out that national culture can influence managerial decision-making, leadership style and human resource management practices and all these factors influence a firms performance in acquiring and de ploying resources (Puffer, 1993 House, Hanges, et al. 1999).The adverse effect of culture in International BusinessSirmon and Lane (2004) explained that the influence of national culture is strong and long lasting. For example, Hofstede (1991) found that national culture explains 50% of the differences in managers attitudes, beliefs, and values. Thus, national culture differences between shackle partners can challenge the development of successful relationships. special K and Ungson (1997) supplemented that these challenges result partially from the lack of shared norms or values and this lack of usual understanding may undermine the partners interpretation of each others strategic intent, which is crucial in global markets and partnerships (Hitt et al., 1995). Further, a lack of shared norms and values may reduce strong communication (Rao and Schmidt, 1998), trust (Aulakh et al., 1996 Doney et al., 1998) and knowledge sharing in joint ventures (Parkhe, 1991 Mohr and Spekman, 1994 Lyles and Salk, 1996). These problems, in turn, have been found to lead to lower alliance performance (Lane et al., 2001).Whats more, differences in national culture can disrupt collaboration and learning between alliance partners (Lane and Beamish, 1990 Parkhe, 1991 Lyles and Salk, 1996 Hennart and Zeng, 2002).Sirmon and Lane (2004) explained this opinion in detail as following an international alliances performance is driven by the alliances effectiveness in achieving its primary value-creating activities. preference complementarity between alliance partners is often a necessary condition to optimize this value creation (Harrison et al., 2001). However, in order to share, combine and leverage complementary resources, the partners employees moldiness interact effectively. And the cultural differences inhibit international alliance partners employees ability to interact effectively.Not only that national culture differences between alliance partners can challenge the developm ent of successful relationships and the achievement of effectiveness in the alliances primary value-creating activities, but also the organizational culture differences can.Whereas national culture relates primarily to deep-seated values, organizational culture relates primarily to shared beliefs in organizational practices and processes (Hofstede et al., 1990). Sirmon and Lane (2004) found that organizational culture is important to the success of mergers and acquisitions. Weber et al. (1996) found that dissimilar organizational cultures between acquirer and target decreased top managers cooperation and increased negative attitudes toward the merger.Generally, similarity of partners organizational culture increases partner learning, satisfaction and effectiveness of interactions, whereas differences in organizational culture decrease these positive outcomes. In short, decreased learning, satisfaction and effectiveness of interactions stymie the business processes used to share co mbine and leverage resources such as knowledge, relationships and physical assets. Thus partners with dissimilar organizational cultures will be less likely to effectively achieve the alliances primary value-creating activities.Research suggested that national and organizational culture differences between the employees of international companies affect their interactions, but Sirmon and Lane (2004) expanded the consideration of cultural differences to include professional culture differences. They stated that professional culture differences are often the most relevant and undischarged cultural differences that the interacting employees face, and thus professional culture differences are the most disruptive to the alliances effectiveness in achieving its primary value-creating activities.Professional cultures develop through the socialization that individuals receive during their occupational education and training (Van Maanen and Barley, 1984 Jordan, 1990) This initial socializat ion is then reinforced through their professional experiences and interactions that lead to a broad understanding of how their occupation should be conducted (Brown and Duguid, 1991 Lave and Wenger, 1991).Sirmon and Lane (2004) stated that it is disappointing when international alliance partners require employees from different professional cultures to interface in the primary value-creating activity of the alliance. The reason is because these employees lack a common basis from which to interact effectively due to their distinct occupational socialization and resulting professional cultures. First, individuals from break-dance professional cultures lack a shared set of basic knowledge because their occupational socialization involved different content material, which is reinforced by different professional experiences. Second, these individuals often lack experience communicating with an auditing audience outside their professional culture. Thus communication between individuals f rom separate professional cultures is impaired. Both of these factors impede the finding of common ground from which the relationship can develop and produce value (Lane and Lubatkin, 1998). In such cases, the development of basic routines is required to help progress a base of shared knowledge in order to communicate adequately. Developing such routines requires time, which leads to increased expenses and could lead to increased frustration (Park and Ungson, 1997).Even if these two obstacles can be adequately overcome, individuals from different professional cultures may still have deeply ingrained preferences in their approach to solving problems (Brown and Duguid, 1991 Lave and Wenger, 1991). These differences may be difficult to overcome, as the employees may reflect the not-invented-here syndrome, which is the resistance to the utilization of knowledge created elsewhere (Michailova and Husted, 2003). Further, attempts to compromise in the approach taken in problem-solving is l ikely to lead to less desirable outcomes. For example, if a compromise is reached, and members from both professional cultures abandon their preferred problem-solving approach, both effectively eliminate a significant total of their valuable tacit knowledge. Likewise, if every member abandons their preferred problem-solving approach, the alliance has effectively lost the expertise of one half of its contributing members.The challenges discussed above inhibit the effective interaction of individuals from different professional cultures within an international alliance. This then decreases the likelihood that the alliances pooled complementary resources will be shared, combined and leveraged in a manner that effectively achieves the alliances primary value-creating activities.In one noteworthy study, Barkema and Vermeulen (1997) examined the influence of differences in partners national cultures on international alliance performance using Hofstedes (1980, 1991) dimensions of national culture. They found that partner differences in two of the dimensions (uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation) had a strong negative relationship with the survival of the collaboration over several different periods. However, the other three dimensions of national culture (individualism, power distance, masculinity) did not. Differences in uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation could represent differences in how partners perceive and adapt to opportunities and threats in their environment (Schneider, 1991 Schneider and De Meyer, 1991), and thus may be more difficult to resolve than differences along the other three dimensions, which represent attitudes towards personnel.In conclusion, cultural differences have adverse impact on the performance of international business.The beneficial effect of culture in International BusinessSirmon and Lane (2004) stated that other evidence suggests that differences in national culture can be beneficial. Because managers tend to be more aware of the potential challenges when working with foreign partners, they may be more unbidden to spend ride on avoiding misunderstandings in international alliances than they would in domestic alliances (Very et al., 1996). In such cases, differences in national culture can lead to superior communication and a more sustained collaboration (Shenkar and Zeira, 1992 Park and Ungson, 1997). Thus, in some cases, increased national culture differences can lead to higher international alliance performance (Morosini et al., 1998).In addition, societal culture per se may also be seen as part of a firms resources, leading to a competitive advantage ( porter, 1991 Dunning and Bansal, 1997). Porter (1991) pointed out that the competitive advantage of firms could be derived from the salienter commitment. Dunning and Bansal (1997) further suggested that this greater commitment might well be base on cultural values observed in some countries, and not in others. For example, umpteen individualistic cultures, such as US, may have an advantage in technological assets, whilst many collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, may benefit from the ways in which they organize their workforce and establish relations between contractors, suppliers and joint venture partners (Dunning and Bansal, 1997). With their different competitive advantages, firms may adopt different strategies. If manager of these firms adopt appropriate strategies by making use of the competitive advantages derived from cultural values, these firms may achieve great success.There is another example exhibit the beneficial effect on the International Business. According to Hofstedes dimensions of national culture Li, Lam and Qian (2001) stated that, long-term orientation means focusing on the future. With this long-term orientation, people in East Asia such as China are more likely to emphasize education and training, and practice persistence, thriftiness and the delay of immediate gratification.Wuhan City, which is known as Chicago in China contacted New World, a major Hong Kong developer, to negotiate a lend to complete an airport-linking expressway project. Focusing on building a long-term relationship with Wuhan City, New World soon agreed to provide the loan without discussing enlarge traditionally seen in western-style negotiations. According to Cheng (1997), an impassioned plea for help from Wuhans public work chief, Zhang Ke Xiao, led to a handshake gamble without sight of a feasibility study or a contract. (p.30). With this relationship-oriented negotiation, New World set up good ties with the government in Wuhan City and other Chinese cities. These relationships proved very helpful during later negotiations in China. In fact, many overseas Chinese firms adopt a similar approach.Tung (1982) has also observed this long-term perspective, claiming that the Chinese have a different concept of time, as compared to that of the Western world, they are interested in building the basis for long-term relationships. Essentially, this means that once a foreign firm has gained their trust and has demonstrated its goodwill and willingness to lend assistance to the country, the Chinese will try to reciprocate in kind, whenever possible. (p. 30)In conclusion, cultural differences also have beneficial impact on the performance of international business.ConclusionThis paper analyzes how culture impact on the International Business. It turns out that culture has either adverse or beneficial effect on the International Business performance.On the adverse aspect of culture, Sirmon and Lane (2004) indicated that national culture differences between alliance partners can challenge the development of successful relationships. Further, a lack of shared norms and values may reduce effective communication (Rao and Schmidt, 1998), trust (Aulakh et al., 1996 Doney et al., 1998) and knowledge sharing in joint ventures (Parkhe, 1991 Mohr and Spekman, 1994 Lyles and Salk, 1996 ). These problems, in turn, have been found to lead to lower alliance performance (Lane et al., 2001).Whats more, Weber et al. (1996) found that dissimilar organizational cultures between acquirer and target decreased top managers cooperation and increased negative attitudes toward the merger.Sirmon and Lane (2004) expanded the consideration of professional culture differences, which are often the most relevant and salient cultural differences that the interacting employees face. And it is disappointing when international alliance partners require employees from different professional cultures to interface in the primary value-creating activity of the alliance. The reason is because these employees lack a common basis from which to interact effectively due to their distinct occupational socialization and resulting professional cultures.On the beneficial aspect of culture, managers may be more willing to spend effort on avoiding misunderstandings in international alliances than they would in domestic alliances. In such cases, differences in national culture can lead to high-level communication and a more sustained collaboration (Shenkar and Zeira, 1992 Park and Ungson, 1997).In addition, Porter (1991) pointed out that the competitive advantage of firms could be derived from the greater commitment based on cultural values observed in some countries, and not in others. For example, the long-term orientation in China leads to a helpful long-term relationship between international businesses.

Critical Social Work Theoretical Frameworks Social Work Essay

captious sociable Work Theoretical Frame counterfeits complaisant Work EssayIntroductionThe essay shall research and analyse the theoretical underpinnings and key elements of precise kindly subject area. The account shall then describe discernment in amicable work employ contexts and consider how faultfinding amicable work theories like Marxism, Feminism, Radical Social work and Post Modernism extradite mold exercise. A range of values ranging from personal, nonrecreational, institutional, organisational or agency, political, ghostly and cultural inevitably feature and must be dealt with in dress. Over and above this lies the companionable justice, emancipatory agenda vehicle by anti-oppressive nuzzlees. Empathy is required and the social histrion must be in the clients shoes (Egan, 1998). Theoretical bases and approaches enable practitioners to cross social break ups and be with the client in a supportive way in an accountable and ethical manner. Vast energy mus t be invested to dispel and challenge both the personal and the structural dominant forces of oppressive put ons. The author shall go about to demonstrate how theories have shaped the response approaches to service deli rattling(prenominal) and contributed to pro practice.Critical Social Work Theoretical FrameworksThe emergence of Socialism, Marxism, Liberalism and Conservativism shaped the uphill social professions at the turn of the twentieth century totally and reshaped the manner in which life was understood. How the social, political, economic shaped that honesty became core in conceptualising reality and the way humans reacted to the world around them. In most cases socially constructed realities could be explained by the material realities if one was to look at the world through a Marxist perspective. The 1960-70s interpretation of social problems, described as the rediscovery of s go offtiness. Marxist principles understood the world as socially divided by class, rend ering rough classes more susceptible to poverty than others as economically determined by having no control of the means of production. Marxist theory locates class struggle as a means of redressing this kind of socio-economic imbalance and the inequality The core elements in this phase were modes of production and federal agency, the equality that came with the package and the desire for change, social change could besides be achieved through class struggle.The human position could thus be understood as driven and controlled by the external, in this case the poor as the oppressed group desired change. Social works role involves working with peoples lives, social problems centred on poverty and disadvantage and the core business involves establishing balance, social constancy and social justice. Intervention without challenging social exclusion, inequality and poverty has proved to be insufficient but traditional social work pathologised the single.At the earliest phases soci al work was more about maintaining public order and suppressing civil unrest and class struggle rather than getting d consume to the core issues of poverty alleviation and challenging the sources and reasons for the differences that affected the people. Norms of behaviour and lifestyle for the people were determined by the eligibility criteria as the beneficiary elements of philanthropic intercessions more than rights driven determinants.Radical social work emerged to instil that it was in fact a political activity. Social work should be about supporting those in sine qua non, challenging inequality and social change, not social control dealing with material realities. With radical social work emerged the community element in social work, conscious raising approach, bit-by-bit incremental change in the border and oppositional activism. As the profession developed minute social work begins to understand oppressive forces and work to reconstruct effect imbalances (Thompson, 2007 Dominelli, 1988 Braye and Preston-ShootRadical social work had been too minimalistic and was criticised for over focussing on class and paying no attention to other forms of inequalities. Bhatti- Sinclair (2011) argues that social players remain connected to human rights, ethics and values and continuously seek a sharper perceptiveness of how to apply theoretical concepts found in universal humanitarian principles, professional ethics and national law, policy and procedure. (xii) Inclusivity and citizenship be the main targets in critical social work practice as opposed to viewing people as collective groups (Glaister, 2008). Anti-oppressive practice thereby pursues social justice and challenges practice discrimination and oppression bluntly. Engagement with social reality must involve critiquing of social systems and structures, and rate platforms for social change and difference. The approach has an ethical commitment to social justice by exposing inequalities and challengin g unequal power dynamics in society. The manner in which society functions has structures that can either oppress or liberate some social groups. As the practitioner works, there is undoubtedly the challenge of professionally compliant.Social Work Practice ApproachesCritical social work practice at all ages uses with how other people on the other social, cultural, religious divide are understood by us. Understanding diversity and how personal views and values are located must be a constant reflective professional commitment. Personal or societal perceptions are shaped over time or driven by historical and socio-political realities/ environss must be understood. Where stereotypes have been shaped over time in individuals a professional operational base must be adopt. Braye, S Preston-Shoot, M (2003) challenge hypocritical professionalism by public debate that personal values and attitudes will al ways be there, the issue is that they should not affect effective service delivery. This is the heart of critical social work practice being able to transcend the personal and being a professional.Social work can challenge or maintain status quo and that social workers are invested with power to care and control. In the context of what shall be discussed later about assessments, Braye Preston-Shoot (2003) state that,Preparation for and review of practice requires workers to understand themselves, their relationship with and blow on others, and their strengths and weaknesses in relation to maintaining a professional role (2003135).Respect is necessary both when working with service users and fellow colleagues. As explored in Thompsons model PCS, Social work must explore the personal, cultural and structural dimensions of discrimination, and how these come together, and can be challenged in different ways (Dominelli, 2009). Social work must not reinforce oppression, discrimination or any inequality. Social work can reinforce patriarchal and other oppressive syste ms and power relations.There are social realities that social work either challenges reinforce, statistically ethnic minority groups generally experience higher rates of unemployment, live in poorer housing, have poorer health, lower levels of schoolman achievement, higher rates of exclusions from schools and are over-represented in prison statistics. Families who are from black and ethnic minority groups are more likely to be referred to childrens social work services, receive support services later, and children are more likely to go into the care system. There are other forms of prejudice, inequality and discrimination which can hybridize, and these can affect people in many different ways. In light of these objective realities, what could be the drivers of such realities? What ideas are generated about the social group and how could this impact on a practitioners judgement when dealing with an individual from BME groups.The identical applies when working with Unaccompanied As ylum Seeking Children, awareness of professional responsibility and a social justice approach when conducting an age assessment must be the practice base. The Human rights and child rights must be fascinately accorded without discrimination. Another example is that of go blaming in a child protection cases. Feminist theory has challenged this gendered approach to problem solving where the female is mostly at the centre of the problem yet ignores the men from the social causal matrix. As a result of critical social work a shift has developed where the whole domestic environment and people must be part of the issue at hand. If all are not challenged this practice reinforces the interests of some groups over others and oppresses women.Assessment ProcessMiddleton (1997) describes assessment as part of the intend agenda involving gathering and construe information in order to understand a person and their circumstances. It involves making judgements based on information. (Middleton, 19975). The play here involves respect for the individuals values, their core identity and judgements are made without being judgemental. Selective and stereotypical considerations must be avoided, labelling and categorising people and overlooking their identicalness and can allow elements of discrimination to permeate the butt against which must otherwise not be affected by individual values and perspectives. As argued by Clifford (1998) it is important that social workers check their individual biases and promise that these do not affect the manner in which they undertake assessments.In direct link with critical social work, assessments must be informed by critical theory to enhance a equilibrate, just and anti-oppressive assessment process. Personal views held by the social worker must not occupy any space in the assessment process for the sake of justice, fair access to services anti-discriminatory practice.Parker and Bradley (2005) argue that a balanced approach of an asse ssment involves wisdom, skills, appreciation of diversity and systematically applied knowledge in direct practice. Service users must feel that they benefit from the assessment process for it to be effective (Addock, 2001) and the social worker and family members must collectively contribute to the process. This involvement enriches the process and eliminates subjective approaches to the assessment.Social work practice and critical approaches intersect the worker must be conscious of their personal beliefs and values and strike a responsible, ethical and professional balance in the manner the assessment and intervention is conducted and be honest and explicit with service users. (Parker Bradley, 2005 7). Extensive knowledge of the service users environmental and living systems and the wider systems that impinge on them must be key determinants in assessments (Parker Bradley 200513) .Service user involvement is empowering and demonstrates citizenship and self driven responsibility as human worth.Understanding power dynamics in assessmentsPower relations inherent in the social work process must be carefully managed and ensure a balanced contributory approach whereby an exchange model would can adopted to acknowledge that the service users are experts of their situations. Service users and social workers exchange ideas, information and ways forward to make a difference and find alternative ways of approaching as collective partners (Parker Bradley, 200514). In terms of skills this involves actively listening to service users being available for them, a professional and non-judgemental or non directive approach, like a shot and honest talk and social justice pursuit. (Parker Bradley, 2005).Child centred assessments must be informed by child development theories, ecological approaches, ensuring equality of opportunity, involvement of families and an interagency approach ensures collective creative interventions. When working with unaccompanied asylum seeking c hildren for example, Culturegrams help in analysing the impact of stopping destine in the lives of those individuals and families being assessed (Parker Bradley, 200550-53). This can be very useful when working with BME groups as well as refugees and asylum seekers in a broader context. Values of the families and individuals are explored and these help shape the nature of the intervention where the individual shapes the course of the intervention as opposed to it being driven by the powerful professionals.Multiculturalism and social workMulticulturalism is a 21st Century challenge as citizenship recognition and integration a modern society characteristic. Critical multiculturalism suggests that social workers need to intellectually engage with the issues of difference and citizenship, in a manner that detaches practice from monoculturalist norms (Powell, 2001146). Social workers are practically challenged to interrogate the value assumptions of their approach and assess principle s and values they use in practice. If social workers are to avoid narrative repression, they need to be capable of challenging discursive hierarchies of meaning in their practice. (Powell, 2001146). This captures the reflexive component in the intervention. This involves challenging the very systems that they use and lobby for the change in structural elements that could be oppressing the very people they would be working with.Feminist social work engages in redressing gender inequalities, this could be the mother blaming attitude that it challenges. Critical social work engages a need for awareness by practitioners, a transformation of cultural attitudes around race relations, gay rights and the relationship between sexuality, culture and power and of the need for anti-discriminatory practice (Powell, 2001149). In order to meet the professional demands of the profession, social workers must seek guidance and close the gap between personal values and professional practice. This mus t make constant reference to human rights, equality, discrimination and racialism (Bhatti- Sinclair, 2011). Fook (2000) argues that expert critical social workers are able to name critical knowledge which challenges and resists all forms of domination.Anti-racist practiceDominelli (2008) points out that anti-racist practice beyond that presented in Thompsons (2007) PCS model by emphasising on its interactional nature. For Dominelli (2008) racism is a multidimensional form of oppression over and above discrimination Institutional and Cultural racism are structurally associated and viewed as less evil than the personal racism which society frowns upon, yet the is no better racism. If practitioners hand over responsibility of BME issues to BME staff this may be problematic as it may result in a lack of obligation by fair social workers to anti-racist practice and reinforce difference. Institutional practices must be professionally compliant (Bhatti- Sinclair, 2011128) at their own l evel.Treatment of black families/children hits them every day and there are challenges that the social workers have to deal with in the face of these ingrained stereotypical views of the good white family and the bad black family. Dominelli (2008) argues that challenging how white people perceive black families is only possible within positive trusting relationships. Nomadic settlers fall into the same category where as the minority ethnic groups where stereotypical assumptions exist that can influence the social work process.To work with individuals on the autistic spectrum requires knowledge and understanding of autism. Knowledge of the conditions characteristics, the basic understanding of the triad of injustices is necessary for use in the social work process. The individuals must not be viewed as unwilling to engage due their limited social interaction skills but must be understood and appropriate communication systems used. For example, instead of talking through an assessmen t fork over boards, games of their interest, familiar environments and using their preferred mode of communication would help to involve them, engage them and remove a possible stereotypical view that they cannot make decisions. If this process does not involve them, the likelihood is that anti-oppressive practice would have been failed. Good practice recognises individuality and this permeates through the social work process.Assessment process in practiceThe authors work experience with a forty year old autistic man in Coventry stands as a unique example of the complexness of service user involvement and creativity aimed at raising the level of positive outcomes in reviewing a care plan. The only established access point for his contributions was when he was away from home, on the bus. During any travel by bus, he livened up and opened up, expressed his views about the service he was receiving and it was the best time to evaluate the support care plan, conversationally in a bus. W orking around the individuals world helped the social care provider to reach out to the very important needs that an office based assessment could not achieve. The bus environment had no powerful/powerless unequal binary dynamic in it. It was his comfort zone. Failure to recognise individual likes, obsessions and sensory issues in autistic individuals can hinders the social work process. Effective assessments can only be possible when the service user is located at the centre of the process by use of approaches that promote social change and justice.Challenging discrimination in practiceChildren are often described as vulnerable, innocent, in need of protection and lacking experience. If not carefully approached the child may be sidelined from the assessment process and overshadowed by adult ideas. If it is around abuse in the home, it is the childs experience and not the adults experience that must take precedence with the child as the expert. The Lamming Report accentuate the ne ed to see the world through the eyes of the child. The role of the social worker in practice is to challenge discrimination, exclusion of socially excluded groups like children. Children have been looked at as subjects and the critical approach locates them as able to shape and voice. Failure to recognise children and the social workers relatively powerful position practitioners reinforce oppression. The critical practitioner engages service users to facilitate the telling of their stories in the assessment process.Law is used to counter oppressive practice and sets out operational parameters for professionals to deal with racism and be aware that discrimination is unlawful (Race relations Act 1976 Equality Act 2006, Bhatti- Sinclair, 2011).To overcome the practice challenge, social workers have looked up to anti-racist advocates for guidance on methods and models which respond ethically, effectively and efficiently to daily challenges and dilemmas (Bhatti- Sinclair, 2011).Training and existing regulatory bodies like the HCPC enable practice to be justice based by requiring professionalism by the workforce through compliance and guidance. The Professional capabilities Framework requires the worker to Recognise and manage the impact on people of the power invested in your role (PCF 33) and standards of development calls on the need to recognise the power dynamics in relationships with service users and carers and be able to manage those dynamics appropriately (SoPS 2.8). Formalised assessments aid in injecting consistency Crisp et al (2005) argues that the absence of a formalised assessment framework results in subjective assessments. Professionally trained and skilled workers enhance a fair assessment. Assessments must not just look at behaviour, but also the cause of the behaviour in a holistic way in order to make correct judgements and this is achieved through service user participation in the process. Milner Byrne, (2002) postulate that the assessment t here is need for mapping before planning the assessment journey. This involves knowing the child, engaging them and drawing their strengths in order to shape appropriate support (Dominelli Payne, 2002).InvolvementEffective anti-racist, anti-oppressive practice must be gaunt from practice intelligence, applied research and service users involvement. Empowering practice has an involvement and integration component as opposed to exclusion practice approaches by lack of appropriate language and culture awareness (Bhatti- Sinclair, 2011).Structurally, well planned and coordinated assessments and interventions involve the service user and must respond sensitively to their needs.Awareness of our own prejudices and olden experiences and ideas must be non-threatening to clients (Lindsay, 2010) .Interactive polarisation between the social worker and client can undermine social work effectiveness whereupon families and individuals are pathologised either as unreachable or resistant. Positiv e communication enhances the relationship building (Kaprowska 20105) which is the key to an accurate assessment.Individuals with disabilities often argue that social workers assessments of them emphasise more on impairment and less on being seen as human, instead assessments must explore their individual abilities. In addition when working with individuals who use minority languages it can become a barrier for an accurate assessment hence the need to plan assessments for these individuals with full awareness of this key communication element in order to ensure the service users involvement. This could be necessitated by translators or minority language speaking social workers. Similarly, when working with the elderly, assessments must detect abilities and not reinforce ageist stereotypes, shared power and agreed direction principle.ConclusionThe concept of critical practice locates the social worker as an active participant in a process of interpreting and understanding relationship s and communication that must cut across difference. Over and above assumptions, prejudices, personal beliefs, structural frameworks the critical practitioner must be reflexive and set-aside(p) in an empowering way whilst being aware of personal and socio-cultural origins and belief systems and challenging all forms of oppression. Appropriate skills and knowledge must be incorporated for the social work process to be effective.

MBA Admissions Essays - The Art of Business :: MBA College Admissions Essays

MBA Admissions Essays - The Art of Business   We stroll through a marketplace in Beer-Sheva, inhaling a conglomeration of smells and sounds that feel as though they atomic number 18 part of a different century. My father and I enter a depleted stand. A little woman sits in the corner scanning her aliveness like a hawk monitoring her nest. She promotes her wares not for a quarterly report but to feed and clothe her family. My father picks up a small wooden camel and calls out in our native tongue, How much? Fifty Shekel, she responds. Her reply is automatic. This is what she does all day, every day.   My father eyes her directly. He doesnt flinch. Ill give you ten. He remembers the stake as if hed been playing it daily since he left his homeland. She opens high and he counters low, each one hoping the other will give in first. I observe, fetching mental notes.   She replies with conviction, Its handmade, I cant go lower than forty. We all know the camel was made in a local factory, but he doesnt contradict her. To call her credibleness into question at this stage could ruin the transaction.   I only have twenty, fires my dad, as if he had rehearsed his line. I glance at his back pocket convex with Israeli currency but dont let on, for shes searching my face for a sign of weakness. Im beginning to see what the game is all more or less.   I cannot sell for little than forty, she retorts. My father squeezes my hand subtly and I latch on to his paw. We slowly start to leave the stall.   So be it, he voices over his shoulder with an aureole of studied ease. We continue out of the cool shadows toward the fascinating frenzy of the exotic streets.   Just as our sandaled feet touch the dirt road and we are about to rejoin the crowd, we hear a shriek. Wait Give me thirty. My father winks at me, turns nonchalantly, and swaggers toward the woman. I quickly pull thirty Shekel out of my pocket and thrust them into his hand, so the woman wont discover the treasures buried in his pocket. I smile at my quick thinking. My father plays it straight, as if I were supposed to hand him the money.   He works his thick fingers around a five-shekel piece and with a magicians sleight-of-hand, swiftly transfers the coin to his other palm.

The Football Game Essays -- Descriptive Essay Examples

The Football Game In the beginning, there was football. The official said, permit the arena lights come on, and they came on. The football players came onto the field, and they saw the light was good. Other teams started to show up and practice on the battle ground, otherwise known as the compete field. Fans shouted, and cheerleaders went on about their playful acts. Parents, brothers, sisters, and close friends all piled into the stands to see the game of the year. The official stepped out onto the moist grass at Williams Stadium in Plano, Texas. The date was cardinal oclock p.m. on a Thursday night. He paused for a moment, looked at his stopwatch, and blew his whistle. Gigantic muscular men came from out of nowhere as the fans began to cheer, waving heterogeneous flags, and clang cow bells. The bells sounded like a wind chime in an April shower, all different sounds at different cartridge clips.The players ran out to the middle of the stadium. A sprightliness of abuse and resentment came about in the air. The crowd came unglued from their seats. The sounds of various noisemakers filled the air once again. Parents and grandparents alike came to their feet in the stands. Cars stopped on the street in reckon of the stadium, as they honked their horns, and cheered for their team of choice. As the two burly men stood in the middle of the field, many thoughts ran through their heads. They both knew someone was going to die, precisely drubbing was out of the question. The official tossed a polished silver quarter into the air. The coin hit the wet grass with a shiny side of George uppercase clearly showing. The home team will receive the ball. Both anger infested players shook hands and ran back to their sideline. The fans began to cheer as the players t... ...e smile on my face was literally being pulled up by strings that wouldnt seem to let go. Our kicker went on to kick the extra point, as only one minute remained on the time clock. The Clark Co ugars went on to beat the Williams Warriors. I could see it now on the front page of the town newspaper. Clark demolishes Williams for the first time in 14 days We at last beat the best team in the world As we celebrated, and jumped around on the soggy grass, a tear came to my eye. It was all hitting me now. I in conclusion achieved the goal of my life I could not control the tremendous smirk on my face. As I watched the coach from the opposing team vociferate in agony, I thought to myself, That must be what they call the agony of defeat. I knew that the moment of my life I had long waited for, was gone. Only memories are go forth in my mind, and I cherish every single one of them. The Football Game Essays -- Descriptive Essay ExamplesThe Football Game In the beginning, there was football. The official said, Let the stadium lights come on, and they came on. The football players came onto the field, and they saw the light was good. Other teams started to show up a nd practice on the battle ground, otherwise known as the playing field. Fans shouted, and cheerleaders went on about their playful acts. Parents, brothers, sisters, and close friends all piled into the stands to see the game of the year. The official stepped out onto the moist grass at Williams Stadium in Plano, Texas. The time was seven oclock p.m. on a Thursday night. He paused for a moment, looked at his stopwatch, and blew his whistle. Gigantic muscular men came from out of nowhere as the fans began to cheer, waving various flags, and clanging cow bells. The bells sounded like a wind chime in an April shower, all different sounds at different times.The players ran out to the middle of the stadium. A smell of hatred and resentment came about in the air. The crowd came unglued from their seats. The sounds of various noisemakers filled the air once again. Parents and grandparents alike came to their feet in the stands. Cars stopped on the street in front of the stadium, as they hon ked their horns, and cheered for their team of choice. As the two burly men stood in the middle of the field, many thoughts ran through their heads. They both knew someone was going to die, but defeat was out of the question. The official tossed a polished silver quarter into the air. The coin hit the wet grass with a shiny face of George Washington clearly showing. The home team will receive the ball. Both anger infested players shook hands and ran back to their sideline. The fans began to cheer as the players t... ...e smile on my face was literally being pulled up by strings that wouldnt seem to let go. Our kicker went on to kick the extra point, as only one minute remained on the time clock. The Clark Cougars went on to beat the Williams Warriors. I could see it now on the front page of the town newspaper. Clark demolishes Williams for the first time in 14 years We finally beat the best team in the world As we celebrated, and jumped around on the soggy grass, a tear came to my eye. It was all hitting me now. I finally achieved the goal of my life I could not control the tremendous smirk on my face. As I watched the coach from the opposing team cry in agony, I thought to myself, That must be what they call the agony of defeat. I knew that the moment of my life I had long waited for, was gone. Only memories are left in my mind, and I cherish every single one of them.